Understanding Cervical Cancer - Dr. Rushali Nikhil Jadhav

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. In 2022, it accounted for approximately 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths. The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality occur in low- and middle-income countries. This disparity is due to significant inequities, particularly the lack of access to national HPV vaccination programs, cervical screening, treatment services, and various social and economic factors.

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The primary cause of cervical cancer is a persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Women living with HIV are six times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to women without HIV. Preventative strategies, such as prophylactic HPV vaccination and the screening and treatment of pre-cancerous lesions, are highly effective and cost-efficient. Cervical cancer can be cured if it is diagnosed early and treated promptly.

Causes of Cervical Cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that can affect the skin, genital area, and throat. Almost all sexually active individuals will contract HPV at some point in their lives, usually without symptoms. In most cases, the immune system clears the virus. However, persistent high-risk HPV infections can lead to abnormal cell growth, which may progress to cancer if untreated.

Persistent HPV infection of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina) is responsible for 95% of cervical cancers. The progression from abnormal cells to cancer typically takes 15–20 years but can occur in 5–10 years in women with weakened immune systems, such as those with untreated HIV. Factors influencing the progression of cancer include the oncogenic potential of the HPV type, immune status, presence of other sexually transmitted infections, number of births, young age at first pregnancy, hormonal contraceptive use, and smoking.

Prevention of Cervical Cancer

Preventing cervical cancer involves multiple strategies, focusing on public awareness, and improving access to healthcare services throughout a woman’s life.

Vaccination: Receiving the HPV vaccine between ages 9–14 is highly effective in preventing HPV infection and related cancers, including cervical cancer.
Screening: Regular cervical screening starting at age 30 (or 25 for women living with HIV) can detect early signs of cervical disease, allowing for timely treatment that prevents cancer development.
Early Detection and Treatment: Regardless of age, individuals with symptoms or concerns should seek early detection and prompt, high-quality treatment.

Increasing vaccination rates, expanding screening programs, and ensuring early treatment can significantly reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.

For personalized advice and more information, visit Dr. Rushali Nikhil Jadhav at The Gynaec Clinic in Kharadi, Pune.

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